Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries also referred to as oil refineries to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas lpg, gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils refineries are very large industrial complexes that involve many different processing units. Walter seigmund, wikimedia commons petroleum refining processes are those chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries also referred to as oil refineries to transform petroleum crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas lpg, gasoline or petrol. Zeolites, or more broadly molecular sieves, can be found in a majority of the major catalytic processes in todays petroleum refinery. With so many changes over the last few decades in equipment and processes, petroleum refining is almost a living document, constantly needing updating. The petroleum refining sector has the largest process heating energy demand of all manufacturing sectors, and correspondingly is also the largest generator of onsite ghg combustion emissions. Water requirements of the petroleum refining industry. Water requirements of the petroleum refining industry by louis e. Petroleum, complex mixture of hydrocarbons that occur in earth in liquid, gaseous, or solid form. Cobalt and its compounds especially cobalt carboxylates, known as cobalt soaps are good oxidation catalysts.
However, as is the case with the latest trends in changing. Term energy outlook steo model provides forecasts of petroleum refinery inputs crude oil, unfinished oils, pentanes plus, liquefied petroleum gas, motor gasoline blending components, and aviation gasoline blending components and. Nearly every aspect of our modern lifestyle is impacted by oil. S the united states has the worlds largest refining capacity, processing just less than a quarter of all crude oil in the world. This paper provides an overview of the use of zeolite catalysts in todays petroleum refineries, and emphasizes some of the newer refining applications including gasoline sulfur removal and dewaxing via isomerization. The other links add value to petroleum mainly by moving and storing it e. Bandwidth study on energy use and potential energy saving. A chemical process essentially involves streams whose composition is fairly known.
This courseware module is part of penn states college of earth and mineral sciences oer initiative. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petrochemicals james g. For many in the salt business, the oil was a nuisance, and they were content to burn it or allow it to run off. Petroleum refining an overview sciencedirect topics. Doe treating in petroleum refining is a means by which contaminants such as organic compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen. Applications of zeolites in petroleum refining springerlink. The economics of petroleum refining canadian fuels association. Petroleum refineries change crude oil into petroleum products for use as fuels for transportation, heating, paving roads, and generating electricity and as feedstocks for making chemicals refining breaks crude oil down into its various components, which are then selectively reconfigured into new products. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petroleum products james g. A snapshot of how the petroleum refining sector ranks in terms of energy use and losses within manufacturing is shown in table 2.
Petroleum refining or oil refining is an industrial process in which crude oil is extracted from the ground and transformed and refined into useful products like liquefied petroleum gas lpg, kerosene, asphalt base, jet fuel, gasoline, heating oil, fuel oils etc. An overview of heavy oil properties and its recovery and transportation methods 573 brazilian journal of chemical engineering vol. Chinas petroleum refining industry, which was developed based on its own technologies and resources, has made great strides over the past 20 yr and has become the focus of the worlds attention. Chapter 5 the petroleum refining industry industry overview the petroleum refining industry uses the largest quantity of premium fuels in the industrial sector, amounting to 2,7 quads in 1981. Petroleum refining design and applications handbook wiley. The petroleum refining industry converts crude oil into more than 2500 refined products, including liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, kerosene, aviation fuel, diesel fuel, fuel oils, lubricating oils, and feedstocks for the petrochemical industry. Petroleum refining and the prod uction of ulsg and ulsd october 24, 2011 page 2 2. All forms of catalytic cracking break down complex compounds into simpler structures to increase the quality and quantity of the desirable products and decrease the amount of residuals.
Classified under sic 29, the petroleum refining industry is. This is also due to its multiple usability in different fields of machine civilisation. Fractionation distillation is the separation of crude oil in atmospheric and vacuum distillation towers into groups of hydrocarbon compounds of differing boilingpoint ranges called fractions or cuts. The fuels derived from petroleum contribute approximately onethird to onehalf of the total world energy supply and are used not only for transportation fuels i. Bandwidth study on energy use and potential energy saving opportunities in u. Petroleum refinery energy efficiencies can then be used to determine the total amount of process energy use for refinery operation. The term is often restricted to the liquid form, commonly called crude oil, but, as a technical term, petroleum also includes natural gas and the viscous or solid form known as bitumen, which is found. Petroleum refining is a technology that uses fossil fuels as raw materials and chemical catalysts as a means to achieve conversion of petroleum through once, twice, and deep processing to get a series of chemical products, which are further used as the basic raw materials for synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, chemical fertilizers and pesticides production. Improved water use strategies, oldimproved water use strategies, old technologies, and newer technologies are. Petroleum refining at a glance petroleum refining is a unique and critical link in the petroleum supply chain, from the wellhead to the pump. Petrochemicals feed stock like ethylene and propylene can also be produced directly by cracking crude oil without the need. Oil 101 introduction to refining downstream oil and gas.
Energy efficiencies of petroleum refineries argonne national. Petroleum refining processes petroleum refinery in anacortes, washington cc. Oil is used to power our vehicles, to create medicines that keep us healthy, and to make the plastics, cosmetics, and other personal products that enhance our daily lives. Cobalt recovery from waste catalysts petroleum refining. Young builds a coaloil refinery in whitburn, scotland. Complete separation into fractions containing individual compounds is economically impractical and virtually impossible technically. Petroleum is converted into energy rich fuels such as gasoline, diesel, jet, heating, liquid petroleum gas lpg, and other fuel oils. It is most usually desulfurized and then catalytically reformed, which rearranges or restructures the hydrocarbon molecules in the naphtha as well as breaking some of the molecules into smaller molecules to produce a highoctane component of gasoline or petrol. Principal energyrelated uses of the products of petroleum refining. Petroleum refining petroleum refining petroleum products and their uses. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petroleum. Appendix a overview of petroleum refining hydrocracking in general, catalytic cracking has replaced most uses of thermal cracking. Petroleum institute separators, dissolved air flotation daf units and further treatment units such as an activated sludge biotreater to make water suitable for reusing or for disposal. The first step in refining petroleum is distillation.
Current canadian refining capacity exceeds domestic demand. Most of the hydrogen is consumed in refinery desulfurization facilities, which remove hydrogen sulfide from the gas stream and then separate that compound into elemental hydrogen and sulfur. There are three steps in the petroleum refining process separation, conversion. Petroleum institute, which uses the oapi scale index that is based on the oil relative density as. Petroleum, nowadays, is a main source of energy in the world. Treatment processes in petroleum refining introduction oil refinery.
In the early days of the oil industry, the methods for refining oil were very different than the. Crude oil is a viscous mobile liquid mixed with water and. Every aspect of daytoday life of man is somehow influenced by the use of petroleum. Oil refining refineries process crude oil products into fuel products, including gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, and other similar product. Increasingg, y, water costs, availability, and conservation initiatives are driving the need to reevaluate usaggppye and supply alternatives. Petroleum refining and petrochemical processes natural gas composition, classification, processing faculty of chemical engineering and technology university of zagreb ante jukic zavod za tehnologiju nafte i petrokemiju hr0 zagreb, savska cesta 16, p. These processes require hose assemblies for petroleum transfer, steam lines, and for the transfer of byproducts and additives associated with refining. Shreve and brink 1977, nelson 1958, rossini 1947, sweeney 1950 and arene and kitwood 1979 have noted that petroleum is a highly complex mixture, the main constituents being compounds gases, liquids and solid of hydrocarbons 1115% hydrogen and 8387% carbon which are classified as alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics. Optimization of water usage at petroleum refineries. Petroleum refining waterwastewater use and management refinery water overview a schematic example of the typical water balance in a refinery figure 1 refinery water balance. With no new refineries being built, companies are spending their. Speight encyclopedia of life support systems eolss refinery gas c1 c4 161 1. Refining adds value by converting crude oil which in itself has.
The alkylation process combines light isoparaffins, most commonly isobutane, with c 3 c 4 olefins, to produce a mixture of higher molecular weight isoparaffins i. Before watching this video you should watch our video explaining how crude oil is separated into its. Although the major products of the petroleum refining sector are transportation fuels, its products are also used in other energy applications, and as feedstock for. Petroleum refining petroleum products and their uses. Refining operations petroleum refining processes and operations can be separated into five basic areas. Semih eser, professor of energy and geoenvironmental engineering, college of earth and mineral sciences, penn state.
These are used in paints, var nishes, and ink as drying agents in which the oxidation of. This is exemplified by discussing the applications of nanotechnology in several typical petroleum refining processes. Petroleum distillates such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and others provide the raw material for products that include dyes, synthetic detergents, and fabrics. An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is transformed and refined into more useful products such as petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, jet fuel and fuel oils. Pdf nanotechnology applications in petroleum refining. Petroleum naphtha is an intermediate hydrocarbon liquid stream derived from the refining of crude oil with casno 64742489. Learn the basics about the uses of crude oil fractions. The example refinery flow scheme presented in figure 5. Isobutane and c 3 c 4 olefins are produced as byproducts from fcc and other catalytic and thermal conversion processes in a refinery.
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